Geometry (Metroid Prime)

The format for geometry appears in both the CMDL and MREA formats, and is identical between both. This format is used in all three Prime games, and is largely unchanged between all of them (with the exception of an extra vertex attribute that was added in Echoes and Corruption).

This file format is almost completely documented There's two unknowns in the surface headers that appear in Prime 2.

Format

An important thing to note off the bat is that both CMDL and MREA files are split up into a number of 32-byte-aligned sections; their respective headers both declare a section count, and list the sizes of each section contained in the file. This is required to navigate to different parts of the file, and is required in order to read the geometry data correctly. Sections are generally split based on the type of data contained in them, so one section might contain vertex coordinates, while another contains a surface (submesh) definition. For the purposes of this article, each subheader will mark the start of a new section; use that as your cue to advance to the next one. Check the CMDL or MREA pages for more info on how the sections work.

For vertex attributes, note that there's no count value present anywhere. If you want a rough count, you can divide the size of that attribute's section by the attribute's size.

Vertex Coordinates

These are stored as a sequence of three floats.

Normals

Normals can appear as either floats or shorts. In CMDL, this usually corresponds to the 0x2 bit in the flags value, and in MREA they will always appear as shorts; this is technically supposed to be set by the vertex format flag in the primitive data, though. If they appear as shorts, they should be divided by the mantissa value that appears on each surface (that value is always 0x8000).

Vertex Color

These are theoretically stored as 32-bit RGBA values, but vertex color isn't actually used by any mesh in any Retro games, so this section always appears completely empty.

Float UV Coordinates

These are stored as a sequence of two floats.

Short UV Coordinates

These are stored as a sequence of two shorts. Like normals, these should be divided by the surface's mantissa value. The short UV array is generally only used by terrain lightmaps, and as such this section always appears completely empty (listed with a size of 0) on CMDL. This array can only be used by the first UV coordinate on a given vertex, and whether it's used or not depends on one of the flags on the material. The rest will use the float array.

Surface Offsets

This section is very small and simple; it simply declares a surface count and then lists the offsets to the end of each surface. Following this section, there'll be one additional section per surface.

Offset	Size	Description
0x0	4	Surface count (SC)
0x4	4 × SC	Surface offsets (relative to the start of the first surface)
Surface sections begin

Surface

There will be one of these sections per surface. Each surface starts with a small header; following the end of the header, the file is padded with 0s to the next 32-byte boundary, then the primitive data begins.

Offset	Size	Description	Notes
0x0	0xC	Center point	Used for depth sorting on CMDL and used as the eye position for reflections
0xC	4	Material ID
0x10	2	Mantissa	Divide short normals/UVs by this value; always 0x8000
0x12	2	Primitive table size	Important: this value is not always reliable
0x14	4	CCubeModel pointer storage	Always 0 in resource; game uses this space to store parent CCubeModel instance pointer
0x18	4	Next surface pointer storage	Always 0 in resource; game uses this space to store next surface data pointer
0x1C	4	Extra data size (ES)	Amount of space taken up by extra data. Always 0 on CMDLs, 0x18 on MREAs.
0x20	0xC	Surface normal	On materials that use the Samus reflection, this is used to project the reflection onto the surface
0x2C	2	Unknown	Not in Prime 1
0x2E	2	Unknown	Not in Prime 1
0x30	ES	Extra data	Empty on CMDL; contains a bounding box used for depth sorting on MREA
End of surface header; pad to multiple of 32 before primitive data starts

The primitive data is a standard GX display list. Each primitive begins with a byte that contains the primitive type in the upper 5 bits, and the vertex format setting in the lower 3; see below for possible settings. After that is a 16-bit vertex count, followed by a series of 16-bit vertex attribute indices.

Note that you'll need to check some settings on the material to read the primitive data properly; the material determines which vertex attributes are present. The material also determines whether the surface is using lightmaps; if it is, then the first UV coordinate will be read out of the short UV array instead of the float one.

There is no primitive count value; you'll need to continue reading data until you hit the end of the primitive table. There are a couple values you can use for reference; either the surface's section size, or the surface's end offset. Do not use the primitive table size setting from the surface header, though; it's usually accurate, but on some models it will give you a size smaller than the table actually is, and you'll miss a bunch of data. See Metroid3/4a11192a.CMDL from Prime 1 (icicle Ridley) or Metroid1/05778239.CMDL from Echoes (Samus's gunship) for an example of this.

There are 7 primitive types supported by GX, indicated in the upper 5 bits of the flag value. Note that the game only ever actually uses triangles, triangle strips, and triangle fans; however, all of these primitives are supported by GX and are therefore supported by the game, and so they could be used in custom model files.

Value	Primitive
0x80	Quads
0x90	Triangles
0x98	Triangle strip
0xA0	Triangle fan
0xA8	Lines
0xB0	Line strip
0xB8	Points

In addition, the game uses three vertex formats, indicated in the lower 3 bits of the flag value (0x7). The only attributes that change between formats are nrm and tex0, so those are the only ones listed in the table below.

Format	GX_VA_NRM type/size	GX_VA_TEX0 type/size
0	GX_NRM_XYZ / GX_F32	GX_TEX_ST / GX_F32
1	GX_NRM_XYZ / GX_S16	GX_TEX_ST / GX_F32
2	GX_NRM_XYZ / GX_S16	GX_TEX_ST / GX_S16

Surface Group IDs

This section (and the following one) appears starting in Metroid Prime 2. In MP2, surfaces in world geometry are now merged together to create as few meshes as possible (meshes are now only split when the vertex count exceeds 65535). Two extra data sections are present to manage the resulting super-meshes to enable the game to extract smaller meshes out when needed.

This first section assigns a group ID to each surface, forming smaller meshes. This ID is used in various places that operate on world geometry, including in the area octree as well as in the EGMC format to map PointOfInterest scans to world geometry, among others.

Type	Count	Name	Notes
u16	1	Surface Count	Matches the world model surface count
Surface Group ID	Surface Count	Surface Group ID Array	Sequentially assigns a surface group ID to every surface in the mesh.

Surface Group ID

Offset	Type	Name	Notes
0x0	u16	Model-Relative Surface Group ID	This is the ID of the group this surface belongs to, relative to the groups in this model (starting from 0).
0x2	u16	Surface Group ID	Same ID, except area-relative (starting where the previous world model's group IDs left off).

Surface Lookup Table

This is the second new section introduced in Metroid Prime 2. It provides a mapping of each surface group to the surfaces contained in it, so that surfaces can be quickly accessed by group ID.

Type	Count	Name	Notes
u16	1	Surface Group Count
u16	Surface Group Count	Lookup Table Index Array	The value of each element corresponds to the end index of the surfaces for this group in the lookup table. Each element is equal to the previous element + the number of surfaces contained in this group.
u16	Surface Count	Surface Lookup Table	List of surface indices ordered by group ID.